{
  "page": "https://defaults.exposed/research/verification-token-reuse",
  "edition": "September 2026",
  "as_of": "2026-09-05",
  "source": "Defaults.Exposed census",
  "license": "https://defaults.exposed/license",
  "unit": "pair = one domain carrying one value of one token; a domain with two values of a token is two pairs",
  "redaction": "Token values never leave the census box. A row is identified by value_id (a 6-character prefix for issued tokens of 20+ characters, otherwise the length only), the length, and an 8-character md5 stub.",
  "basis": {
    "txt_present": 167692006,
    "token_present": 44285266,
    "value_bearing": 44247853,
    "gtld": {
      "token_present": 28820250
    },
    "cctld": {
      "token_present": 15465016
    },
    "kind_source": "IANA root zone database type: country-code = ccTLD, every other type = gTLD"
  },
  "families": {
    "account": "account-scoped (google-site-verification, facebook-domain-verification, apple-domain-verification, atlassian-domain-verification, openai-domain-verification)",
    "ms": "MS= (Microsoft 365 tenant marker, per tenant)",
    "other": "every other token (vendor-scoped, per-order or per-domain)",
    "all": "all tokens"
  },
  "reuse_bands": [
    {
      "family": "account",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "1",
      "distinct_values": 34769500,
      "pairs": 34769500,
      "gtld_pairs": 23389061,
      "cctld_pairs": 11380439
    },
    {
      "family": "account",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "2-10",
      "distinct_values": 201388,
      "pairs": 489811,
      "gtld_pairs": 286955,
      "cctld_pairs": 202856
    },
    {
      "family": "account",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "11-1000",
      "distinct_values": 4476,
      "pairs": 149677,
      "gtld_pairs": 82658,
      "cctld_pairs": 67019
    },
    {
      "family": "account",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "1000+",
      "distinct_values": 10,
      "pairs": 225933,
      "gtld_pairs": 217443,
      "cctld_pairs": 8490
    },
    {
      "family": "ms",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "1",
      "distinct_values": 7818764,
      "pairs": 7818764,
      "gtld_pairs": 4370853,
      "cctld_pairs": 3447911
    },
    {
      "family": "ms",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "2-10",
      "distinct_values": 409037,
      "pairs": 862116,
      "gtld_pairs": 477188,
      "cctld_pairs": 384928
    },
    {
      "family": "ms",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "11-1000",
      "distinct_values": 1233,
      "pairs": 38375,
      "gtld_pairs": 20382,
      "cctld_pairs": 17993
    },
    {
      "family": "ms",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "1000+",
      "distinct_values": 5,
      "pairs": 10883,
      "gtld_pairs": 4520,
      "cctld_pairs": 6363
    },
    {
      "family": "other",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "1",
      "distinct_values": 10807077,
      "pairs": 10807077,
      "gtld_pairs": 6856901,
      "cctld_pairs": 3950176
    },
    {
      "family": "other",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "2-10",
      "distinct_values": 401266,
      "pairs": 1093735,
      "gtld_pairs": 689958,
      "cctld_pairs": 403777
    },
    {
      "family": "other",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "11-1000",
      "distinct_values": 17256,
      "pairs": 599883,
      "gtld_pairs": 383477,
      "cctld_pairs": 216406
    },
    {
      "family": "other",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "1000+",
      "distinct_values": 125,
      "pairs": 2076823,
      "gtld_pairs": 766632,
      "cctld_pairs": 1310191
    },
    {
      "family": "all",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "1",
      "distinct_values": 53395341,
      "pairs": 53395341,
      "gtld_pairs": 34616815,
      "cctld_pairs": 18778526
    },
    {
      "family": "all",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "2-10",
      "distinct_values": 1011691,
      "pairs": 2445662,
      "gtld_pairs": 1454101,
      "cctld_pairs": 991561
    },
    {
      "family": "all",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "11-1000",
      "distinct_values": 22965,
      "pairs": 787935,
      "gtld_pairs": 486517,
      "cctld_pairs": 301418
    },
    {
      "family": "all",
      "band_domains_sharing_value": "1000+",
      "distinct_values": 140,
      "pairs": 2313639,
      "gtld_pairs": 988595,
      "cctld_pairs": 1325044
    }
  ],
  "tokens": [
    {
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "distinct_values": 32836348,
      "pairs": 33381247,
      "pairs_in_shared_values": 705134,
      "share_of_pairs_shared_pct": 2.11,
      "largest_portfolio": 203363,
      "values_spanning_gtld_and_cctld": 53606
    },
    {
      "token": "facebook-domain-verification",
      "distinct_values": 1174559,
      "pairs": 1195778,
      "pairs_in_shared_values": 31418,
      "share_of_pairs_shared_pct": 2.63,
      "largest_portfolio": 1119,
      "values_spanning_gtld_and_cctld": 3530
    },
    {
      "token": "apple-domain-verification",
      "distinct_values": 579784,
      "pairs": 591425,
      "pairs_in_shared_values": 17648,
      "share_of_pairs_shared_pct": 2.98,
      "largest_portfolio": 341,
      "values_spanning_gtld_and_cctld": 1767
    },
    {
      "token": "atlassian-domain-verification",
      "distinct_values": 145928,
      "pairs": 224726,
      "pairs_in_shared_values": 106625,
      "share_of_pairs_shared_pct": 47.45,
      "largest_portfolio": 2587,
      "values_spanning_gtld_and_cctld": 10912
    },
    {
      "token": "openai-domain-verification",
      "distinct_values": 238755,
      "pairs": 241745,
      "pairs_in_shared_values": 4596,
      "share_of_pairs_shared_pct": 1.9,
      "largest_portfolio": 197,
      "values_spanning_gtld_and_cctld": 611
    },
    {
      "token": "ms",
      "distinct_values": 8229039,
      "pairs": 8730138,
      "pairs_in_shared_values": 911374,
      "share_of_pairs_shared_pct": 10.44,
      "largest_portfolio": 2581,
      "values_spanning_gtld_and_cctld": 195382
    },
    {
      "token": "dan-ownership-verification",
      "distinct_values": 1625,
      "pairs": 400221,
      "pairs_in_shared_values": 399376,
      "share_of_pairs_shared_pct": 99.79,
      "largest_portfolio": 296785,
      "values_spanning_gtld_and_cctld": 273
    },
    {
      "token": "knowbe4-site-verification",
      "distinct_values": 34400,
      "pairs": 116402,
      "pairs_in_shared_values": 97502,
      "share_of_pairs_shared_pct": 83.76,
      "largest_portfolio": 836,
      "values_spanning_gtld_and_cctld": 4808
    },
    {
      "token": "adobe-idp-site-verification",
      "distinct_values": 44959,
      "pairs": 76618,
      "pairs_in_shared_values": 38914,
      "share_of_pairs_shared_pct": 50.79,
      "largest_portfolio": 884,
      "values_spanning_gtld_and_cctld": 2140
    },
    {
      "token": "brevo-code",
      "distinct_values": 996524,
      "pairs": 1333319,
      "pairs_in_shared_values": 467604,
      "share_of_pairs_shared_pct": 35.07,
      "largest_portfolio": 1750,
      "values_spanning_gtld_and_cctld": 50711
    },
    {
      "token": "mscid",
      "distinct_values": 382812,
      "pairs": 506715,
      "pairs_in_shared_values": 173952,
      "share_of_pairs_shared_pct": 34.33,
      "largest_portfolio": 1394,
      "values_spanning_gtld_and_cctld": 12026
    },
    {
      "token": "_globalsign-domain-verification",
      "distinct_values": 729388,
      "pairs": 776324,
      "pairs_in_shared_values": 54928,
      "share_of_pairs_shared_pct": 7.08,
      "largest_portfolio": 684,
      "values_spanning_gtld_and_cctld": 3297
    },
    {
      "token": "zoho-verification",
      "distinct_values": 1559338,
      "pairs": 1577060,
      "pairs_in_shared_values": 30066,
      "share_of_pairs_shared_pct": 1.91,
      "largest_portfolio": 1437,
      "values_spanning_gtld_and_cctld": 4302
    }
  ],
  "rows": [
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 1,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "YourUn…, 32 chars",
      "length": 32,
      "md5_stub": "5579175c",
      "domains": 203363,
      "tlds": 188,
      "gtld_domains": 203003,
      "cctld_domains": 360,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "registrar-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "NameBright",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 89.97,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 184476,
      "note": "placeholder text, not an issued token"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 2,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "rXOxyZ…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "ee9e1602",
      "domains": 5739,
      "tlds": 180,
      "gtld_domains": 4479,
      "cctld_domains": 1260,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "site-builder",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "WordPress.com",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 46.52,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 3675,
      "note": "issued token, one account"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 3,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "6tTalL…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "fde16981",
      "domains": 4512,
      "tlds": 192,
      "gtld_domains": 2979,
      "cctld_domains": 1533,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "registrar-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "GoDaddy",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 22.65,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 2427,
      "note": "issued token, one account"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 4,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "gZtPkU…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "cc167a1a",
      "domains": 2825,
      "tlds": 4,
      "gtld_domains": 2,
      "cctld_domains": 2823,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "none",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.86,
      "top_tld": "uk",
      "top_tld_domains": 2495,
      "note": "issued token, one account"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 5,
      "token": "atlassian-domain-verification",
      "value_id": "srl2cv…, 64 chars",
      "length": 64,
      "md5_stub": "abf7781c",
      "domains": 2587,
      "tlds": 122,
      "gtld_domains": 1562,
      "cctld_domains": 1025,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Cloudflare",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 53.34,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 1258,
      "note": "issued token, one organisation"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 6,
      "token": "atlassian-domain-verification",
      "value_id": "jnECo5…, 64 chars",
      "length": 64,
      "md5_stub": "e0ff871f",
      "domains": 2204,
      "tlds": 100,
      "gtld_domains": 1505,
      "cctld_domains": 699,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "UltraDNS",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 25.18,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 1320,
      "note": "issued token, one organisation"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 7,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "abcdef…, 20 chars",
      "length": 20,
      "md5_stub": "4c6be58c",
      "domains": 1342,
      "tlds": 118,
      "gtld_domains": 933,
      "cctld_domains": 409,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "registrar-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "GoDaddy",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 22.21,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 731,
      "note": "placeholder text, not an issued token"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 8,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "3 chars",
      "length": 3,
      "md5_stub": "2f43b42f",
      "domains": 1122,
      "tlds": 103,
      "gtld_domains": 753,
      "cctld_domains": 369,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Cloudflare",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 16.93,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 560,
      "note": "placeholder (three dots), not an issued token"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 9,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "DQjvSx…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "d396677d",
      "domains": 1120,
      "tlds": 19,
      "gtld_domains": 1114,
      "cctld_domains": 6,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Cloudflare",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 100,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 1093,
      "note": "issued token, one account"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 10,
      "token": "facebook-domain-verification",
      "value_id": "3snohf…, 30 chars",
      "length": 30,
      "md5_stub": "320f1b44",
      "domains": 1119,
      "tlds": 19,
      "gtld_domains": 1113,
      "cctld_domains": 6,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Cloudflare",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 100,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 1092,
      "note": "issued token, almost the same footprint as row 9"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 11,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "6u6zos…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "2542117b",
      "domains": 931,
      "tlds": 14,
      "gtld_domains": 783,
      "cctld_domains": 148,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Cloudflare",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.36,
      "top_tld": "cfd",
      "top_tld_domains": 714,
      "note": "issued token, one of six values with the same footprint"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 12,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "CmxlaO…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "9e377137",
      "domains": 931,
      "tlds": 14,
      "gtld_domains": 783,
      "cctld_domains": 148,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Cloudflare",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.36,
      "top_tld": "cfd",
      "top_tld_domains": 714,
      "note": "issued token, same footprint as row 11"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 13,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "PQNZGp…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "fe02b29a",
      "domains": 931,
      "tlds": 14,
      "gtld_domains": 783,
      "cctld_domains": 148,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Cloudflare",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.36,
      "top_tld": "cfd",
      "top_tld_domains": 714,
      "note": "issued token, same footprint as row 11"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 14,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "cscFZG…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "d68b6e88",
      "domains": 931,
      "tlds": 14,
      "gtld_domains": 783,
      "cctld_domains": 148,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Cloudflare",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.36,
      "top_tld": "cfd",
      "top_tld_domains": 714,
      "note": "issued token, same footprint as row 11"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 15,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "nsjT5m…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "bba7fb1f",
      "domains": 931,
      "tlds": 14,
      "gtld_domains": 783,
      "cctld_domains": 148,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Cloudflare",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.36,
      "top_tld": "cfd",
      "top_tld_domains": 714,
      "note": "issued token, same footprint as row 11"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 16,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "xZ-pHW…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "7573bb4c",
      "domains": 931,
      "tlds": 14,
      "gtld_domains": 783,
      "cctld_domains": 148,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Cloudflare",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.36,
      "top_tld": "cfd",
      "top_tld_domains": 714,
      "note": "issued token, same footprint as row 11"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 17,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "SwNVgL…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "38783735",
      "domains": 895,
      "tlds": 8,
      "gtld_domains": 894,
      "cctld_domains": 1,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "registrar-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Porkbun",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 100,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 854,
      "note": "issued token, one account"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 18,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "UAobVY…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "719a2af8",
      "domains": 883,
      "tlds": 31,
      "gtld_domains": 855,
      "cctld_domains": 28,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.09,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 757,
      "note": "issued token, one account"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 19,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "SZ24Dg…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "ba319d6e",
      "domains": 727,
      "tlds": 2,
      "gtld_domains": 726,
      "cctld_domains": 1,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Cloudflare",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 100,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 726,
      "note": "issued token, one account"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 20,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "zV_-KY…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "63e73ac9",
      "domains": 665,
      "tlds": 10,
      "gtld_domains": 665,
      "cctld_domains": 0,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "registrar-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "GoDaddy",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.4,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 224,
      "note": "issued token, one account"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 21,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "O-ndCo…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "d4bac328",
      "domains": 639,
      "tlds": 24,
      "gtld_domains": 505,
      "cctld_domains": 134,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "registrar-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Spaceship",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 52.58,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 408,
      "note": "issued token, one account"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 22,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "hBRahD…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "13999876",
      "domains": 638,
      "tlds": 24,
      "gtld_domains": 504,
      "cctld_domains": 134,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "registrar-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Spaceship",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 52.51,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 407,
      "note": "issued token, almost the same footprint as row 21"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 23,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "4xoE2r…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "04311a03",
      "domains": 619,
      "tlds": 3,
      "gtld_domains": 393,
      "cctld_domains": 226,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 96.77,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 391,
      "note": "issued token, one account"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 24,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "GHb98-…, 43 chars",
      "length": 43,
      "md5_stub": "b403c67c",
      "domains": 549,
      "tlds": 32,
      "gtld_domains": 484,
      "cctld_domains": 65,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 29.69,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 310,
      "note": "issued token, one account"
    },
    {
      "list": "account-scoped",
      "rank": 25,
      "token": "facebook-domain-verification",
      "value_id": "eolu3h…, 30 chars",
      "length": 30,
      "md5_stub": "43227719",
      "domains": 547,
      "tlds": 13,
      "gtld_domains": 47,
      "cctld_domains": 500,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 48.08,
      "top_tld": "nl",
      "top_tld_domains": 343,
      "note": "issued token, one account"
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 1,
      "token": "abuse-report",
      "value_id": "25 chars",
      "length": 25,
      "md5_stub": "9e13b68b",
      "domains": 328175,
      "tlds": 305,
      "gtld_domains": 296955,
      "cctld_domains": 31220,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 98.49,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 194011,
      "note": "a redirect service's abuse-contact constant, the same on every zone it serves"
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 2,
      "token": "dan-ownership-verification",
      "value_id": "8 chars",
      "length": 8,
      "md5_stub": "a25a6ae5",
      "domains": 296785,
      "tlds": 6,
      "gtld_domains": 2,
      "cctld_domains": 296783,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 66.63,
      "top_tld": "nl",
      "top_tld_domains": 128004,
      "note": "one marketplace seller's verification string"
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 3,
      "token": "nameshift",
      "value_id": "6 chars",
      "length": 6,
      "md5_stub": "8556eb76",
      "domains": 294954,
      "tlds": 44,
      "gtld_domains": 840,
      "cctld_domains": 294114,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.95,
      "top_tld": "de",
      "top_tld_domains": 285733,
      "note": "a parking and marketplace operator's token"
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 4,
      "token": "saw-market",
      "value_id": "a359b4…, 36 chars",
      "length": 36,
      "md5_stub": "c3d2aba9",
      "domains": 294953,
      "tlds": 44,
      "gtld_domains": 840,
      "cctld_domains": 294113,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.96,
      "top_tld": "de",
      "top_tld_domains": 285732,
      "note": "the same operator's second token, with almost the same footprint"
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 5,
      "token": "google-site-verification",
      "value_id": "YourUn…, 32 chars",
      "length": 32,
      "md5_stub": "5579175c",
      "domains": 203363,
      "tlds": 188,
      "gtld_domains": 203003,
      "cctld_domains": 360,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "registrar-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "NameBright",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 89.97,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 184476,
      "note": "the placeholder from the account-scoped table"
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 6,
      "token": "bio",
      "value_id": "89d457…, 40 chars",
      "length": 40,
      "md5_stub": "b5318195",
      "domains": 135118,
      "tlds": 10,
      "gtld_domains": 134675,
      "cctld_domains": 443,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "none",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.38,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 107005,
      "note": "a token named bio from an unidentified service"
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 7,
      "token": "mailconf",
      "value_id": "46 chars",
      "length": 46,
      "md5_stub": "e5b175cb",
      "domains": 130813,
      "tlds": 158,
      "gtld_domains": 33594,
      "cctld_domains": 97219,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 48.91,
      "top_tld": "za",
      "top_tld_domains": 96341,
      "note": "one hosting provider's mail autoconfig URL"
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 8,
      "token": "cargo-domain",
      "value_id": "9 chars",
      "length": 9,
      "md5_stub": "81c9d26a",
      "domains": 47497,
      "tlds": 257,
      "gtld_domains": 45386,
      "cctld_domains": 2111,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 98.41,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 36314,
      "note": "a site builder's template constant"
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 9,
      "token": "purelymail_ownership_proof",
      "value_id": "333e72…, 128 chars",
      "length": 128,
      "md5_stub": "755eb309",
      "domains": 31768,
      "tlds": 1,
      "gtld_domains": 31768,
      "cctld_domains": 0,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "registrar-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Google",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 90.98,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 31768,
      "note": "a hosted-mail service's ownership proof, one value on many names"
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 10,
      "token": "dan-ownership-verification",
      "value_id": "8 chars",
      "length": 8,
      "md5_stub": "92159558",
      "domains": 26100,
      "tlds": 19,
      "gtld_domains": 294,
      "cctld_domains": 25806,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 94,
      "top_tld": "nl",
      "top_tld_domains": 15121,
      "note": "one marketplace seller's verification string"
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 11,
      "token": "nameshift",
      "value_id": "6 chars",
      "length": 6,
      "md5_stub": "6578dc9c",
      "domains": 24518,
      "tlds": 14,
      "gtld_domains": 130,
      "cctld_domains": 24388,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.98,
      "top_tld": "nl",
      "top_tld_domains": 13768,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 12,
      "token": "mx",
      "value_id": "7 chars",
      "length": 7,
      "md5_stub": "6ce207e8",
      "domains": 22876,
      "tlds": 112,
      "gtld_domains": 6785,
      "cctld_domains": 16091,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 86.78,
      "top_tld": "it",
      "top_tld_domains": 15399,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 13,
      "token": "caa",
      "value_id": "7 chars",
      "length": 7,
      "md5_stub": "6ce207e8",
      "domains": 20568,
      "tlds": 107,
      "gtld_domains": 6234,
      "cctld_domains": 14334,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 87.23,
      "top_tld": "it",
      "top_tld_domains": 13722,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 14,
      "token": "dan-ownership-verification",
      "value_id": "8 chars",
      "length": 8,
      "md5_stub": "a1f155db",
      "domains": 17790,
      "tlds": 9,
      "gtld_domains": 23,
      "cctld_domains": 17767,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.98,
      "top_tld": "nl",
      "top_tld_domains": 17727,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 15,
      "token": "pcowner",
      "value_id": "6 chars",
      "length": 6,
      "md5_stub": "96027675",
      "domains": 17789,
      "tlds": 9,
      "gtld_domains": 23,
      "cctld_domains": 17766,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.98,
      "top_tld": "nl",
      "top_tld_domains": 17726,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 16,
      "token": "sav-verification",
      "value_id": "13 chars",
      "length": 13,
      "md5_stub": "1d440720",
      "domains": 17789,
      "tlds": 9,
      "gtld_domains": 23,
      "cctld_domains": 17766,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.98,
      "top_tld": "nl",
      "top_tld_domains": 17726,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 17,
      "token": "nameshift",
      "value_id": "6 chars",
      "length": 6,
      "md5_stub": "c24a6898",
      "domains": 17788,
      "tlds": 9,
      "gtld_domains": 23,
      "cctld_domains": 17765,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.99,
      "top_tld": "nl",
      "top_tld_domains": 17725,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 18,
      "token": "dbg",
      "value_id": "src: d…, 20 chars",
      "length": 20,
      "md5_stub": "e2fd3294",
      "domains": 15579,
      "tlds": 78,
      "gtld_domains": 12408,
      "cctld_domains": 3171,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 56.39,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 9781,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 19,
      "token": "https",
      "value_id": "37 chars",
      "length": 37,
      "md5_stub": "95c1310b",
      "domains": 13211,
      "tlds": 1,
      "gtld_domains": 13211,
      "cctld_domains": 0,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.83,
      "top_tld": "tel",
      "top_tld_domains": 13211,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 20,
      "token": "domainparking-verification",
      "value_id": "1f2d70…, 32 chars",
      "length": 32,
      "md5_stub": "0104f063",
      "domains": 12220,
      "tlds": 4,
      "gtld_domains": 5,
      "cctld_domains": 12215,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 100,
      "top_tld": "ru",
      "top_tld_domains": 10983,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 21,
      "token": "dan-ownership-verification",
      "value_id": "8 chars",
      "length": 8,
      "md5_stub": "70736d76",
      "domains": 11084,
      "tlds": 3,
      "gtld_domains": 11082,
      "cctld_domains": 2,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 50.08,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 11080,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 22,
      "token": "dp-info",
      "value_id": "9 chars",
      "length": 9,
      "md5_stub": "175f9496",
      "domains": 9094,
      "tlds": 4,
      "gtld_domains": 5,
      "cctld_domains": 9089,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "registrar-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Reg.ru",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.96,
      "top_tld": "ru",
      "top_tld_domains": 8980,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 23,
      "token": "saw-market",
      "value_id": "6f6e16…, 36 chars",
      "length": 36,
      "md5_stub": "44e20233",
      "domains": 9066,
      "tlds": 2,
      "gtld_domains": 9066,
      "cctld_domains": 0,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "registrar-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Spaceship",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.33,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 9065,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 24,
      "token": "purelymail_ownership_proof",
      "value_id": "b2b54b…, 128 chars",
      "length": 128,
      "md5_stub": "44451f2c",
      "domains": 9012,
      "tlds": 7,
      "gtld_domains": 3318,
      "cctld_domains": 5694,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "hosting",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Alibaba Cloud",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 79.96,
      "top_tld": "cn",
      "top_tld_domains": 5578,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "all-tokens",
      "rank": 25,
      "token": "rfru",
      "value_id": "1RHu5H…, 50 chars",
      "length": 50,
      "md5_stub": "b99bc78c",
      "domains": 8940,
      "tlds": 5,
      "gtld_domains": 2,
      "cctld_domains": 8938,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 94.03,
      "top_tld": "ru",
      "top_tld_domains": 5564,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "ms",
      "rank": 1,
      "token": "ms",
      "value_id": "10 chars",
      "length": 10,
      "md5_stub": "68baf398",
      "domains": 2581,
      "tlds": 265,
      "gtld_domains": 371,
      "cctld_domains": 2210,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "NS1 (IBM)",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 100,
      "top_tld": "ve",
      "top_tld_domains": 175,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "ms",
      "rank": 2,
      "token": "ms",
      "value_id": "10 chars",
      "length": 10,
      "md5_stub": "5c6f1a18",
      "domains": 2580,
      "tlds": 264,
      "gtld_domains": 371,
      "cctld_domains": 2209,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "NS1 (IBM)",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 100,
      "top_tld": "ve",
      "top_tld_domains": 175,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "ms",
      "rank": 3,
      "token": "ms",
      "value_id": "10 chars",
      "length": 10,
      "md5_stub": "b15b284c",
      "domains": 2362,
      "tlds": 99,
      "gtld_domains": 1050,
      "cctld_domains": 1312,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 35.99,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 881,
      "note": "placeholder (eight Xs), not a tenant id"
    },
    {
      "list": "ms",
      "rank": 4,
      "token": "ms",
      "value_id": "10 chars",
      "length": 10,
      "md5_stub": "910fbba7",
      "domains": 1706,
      "tlds": 2,
      "gtld_domains": 1705,
      "cctld_domains": 1,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "DNS Made Easy",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 84.23,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 1705,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "ms",
      "rank": 5,
      "token": "ms",
      "value_id": "10 chars",
      "length": 10,
      "md5_stub": "37b5b245",
      "domains": 1654,
      "tlds": 96,
      "gtld_domains": 1023,
      "cctld_domains": 631,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "site-builder",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "WordPress.com",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 21.4,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 845,
      "note": "placeholder (the digits 1 to 8), not a tenant id"
    },
    {
      "list": "ms",
      "rank": 6,
      "token": "ms",
      "value_id": "F8F3B1…, 40 chars",
      "length": 40,
      "md5_stub": "41b8a546",
      "domains": 931,
      "tlds": 14,
      "gtld_domains": 783,
      "cctld_domains": 148,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Cloudflare",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.36,
      "top_tld": "cfd",
      "top_tld_domains": 714,
      "note": "not an MS= tenant id: a 40-character hexadecimal string under the MS= label"
    },
    {
      "list": "ms",
      "rank": 7,
      "token": "ms",
      "value_id": "10 chars",
      "length": 10,
      "md5_stub": "4739ba1d",
      "domains": 931,
      "tlds": 14,
      "gtld_domains": 783,
      "cctld_domains": 148,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "managed-dns",
      "top_nameserver_operator": "Cloudflare",
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 99.36,
      "top_tld": "cfd",
      "top_tld_domains": 714,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "ms",
      "rank": 8,
      "token": "ms",
      "value_id": "10 chars",
      "length": 10,
      "md5_stub": "b0327f94",
      "domains": 503,
      "tlds": 3,
      "gtld_domains": 503,
      "cctld_domains": 0,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 100,
      "top_tld": "com",
      "top_tld_domains": 498,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "ms",
      "rank": 9,
      "token": "ms",
      "value_id": "10 chars",
      "length": 10,
      "md5_stub": "1cf1eaa3",
      "domains": 478,
      "tlds": 15,
      "gtld_domains": 73,
      "cctld_domains": 405,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 100,
      "top_tld": "de",
      "top_tld_domains": 380,
      "note": null
    },
    {
      "list": "ms",
      "rank": 10,
      "token": "ms",
      "value_id": "10 chars",
      "length": 10,
      "md5_stub": "ea66f093",
      "domains": 478,
      "tlds": 16,
      "gtld_domains": 73,
      "cctld_domains": 405,
      "top_nameserver_operator_category": "other",
      "top_nameserver_operator": null,
      "top_nameserver_operator_share_pct": 100,
      "top_tld": "de",
      "top_tld_domains": 379,
      "note": null
    }
  ]
}